Summary Bullets:  

1. The role of hyperscalers has changed over the last decade as their investment in subsea cables has almost tripled over the last seven years.
2. Governments must work with their counterparts to help protect subsea cable infrastructure from environmental, accidental, and malicious threats including cyberattacks.

The subsea cable industry was once led by telecommunication and network carriers sharing ownership of subsea cables. Over the last two decades the tides have been shifting with a strong current of hyperscalers muscling in and changing the market landscape. Amazon, Google, Meta, and Microsoft are now carving up the ocean floor and investing in their own underwater infrastructure highway while navigating autonomously through open waters, while enhancing connectivity and data security. There are concerns that while these developments will improve internet access, greater control by governments is needed to regulate and to protect the critical infrastructure ecosystem.

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